The 11 chapter solution for plus one biological classification textbook is given below. In this, We will give a list of all the species in the plant kingdom. We are trying to get out of the hole and make sure that students stop failing year after year. We are giving solutions for every chapter and every topic from the class 11 biology Ncert textbook.
If you look at the list, there are many new changes in topics. Students get two mark question paper with a single correct answer and mark as 0.so they started getting zero even after proper explanation in written answers. It's a perfect textbook solution for class 11 science plus one student of biological classification. This is the chapter wise solution for all the questions of this chapter.
| Board | SCERT, Kerala |
| Text Book | NCERT Based |
| Class | Plus Two |
| Subject | Botany Textbook Solution |
| Chapter | Chapter 1 |
| Chapter Name | Biological Classification |
| Category | Plus One Kerala |
Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Botany Textbook Solution Chapter 1 Biological Classification
Plus One Textbook Solutions
- Chapter 1 : Biological Classification
- Chapter 2 : Plant Kingdom
- Chapter 3 : Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Chapter 4: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Chapter 5: Cell The Unit of Life
- Chapter 6: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Chapter 7: Transport in Plants
- Chapter 8: Mineral Nutrition
- Chapter 9: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- Chapter 10: Respiration in Plants
- Chapter 11: Plant Growth and Development
- Chapter 1: Biological Classification
- Chapter 2: Plant Kingdom
- Chapter 3: Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Chapter 4: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Chapter 5: Cell The Unit of Life
- Chapter 6: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Chapter 7: Transport in Plants
- Chapter 8: Mineral Nutrition
- Chapter 9: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- Chapter 10: Respiration in Plants
- Chapter 11: Plant Growth and Development
Plus one Botany Notes
Plus One Botany Textbook Solutions
Chapter 1 Biological Classification Textbook Solution
Question 1.
Discuss how classification systems have undergone several changes over a period of time?
Solution:
(i) Linnaeus proposed a two-kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia kingdoms was developed that included all plants and animals respectively. But as this system did not distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms, so scientists found it an inadequate system of classification. Classification systems for living organisms have hence, undergone several changes over time.
(ii) The two-kingdom system of classification was replaced by a three kingdom system, then by four and finally by a five-kingdom system of classification of RH Whittaker (1969).
(iii) The five kingdoms included Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. This is the most accepted system of classification of living organisms.
(iv) But, Whittaker has not described viruses and lichens. Then Stanley described viruses, viroids, etc. Thus, over a period of time, classification systems have undergone several changes.
Question 2.
State two economically important uses of :
(a) Heterotrophic bacteria
(b) Archaebacteria
Solution:
(a) Heterotrophic Bacteria :
- Maintain soil fertility by nitrogen fixation, ammonification and nitrification, e.g., Rhizobium bacteria (in the root nodules of legumes).
- The milk products such as butter, cheese, curd, etc., are obtained by the action of bacteria. The milk contains bacterial forms like Streptococcus lacti, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus lactis and Clostridium sp., etc.
(b) Archaebacteria :
- Methanogens are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of animals.
- Archaebacteria help in the degradation of waste materials.
Question 3.
What is the nature of cell walls in diatoms?
Solution:
In the case of diatoms, the cell wall forms two thin overlapping cells, which fit together as in a soapbox. The cell wall is made up of silica. Due to the siliceous nature of the cell wall, it is known as diatomite or diatomaceous earth. Diatomaceous Earth is a whitish, highly porous, chemically inert, highly absorbant and fireproof substance.
Question 4.
Find out what do the terms ‘algal bloom’ and ‘red tides’ signify?
Solution:
Sometimes, green algae such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Spirogyra, etc,, grow in excess in water bodies and impart green colour to the water. These are called algal blooms. Red dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax) grow in abundance in the sea and impart a red colour to the ocean. This looks like red tides. Both due to algal blooms and ‘red tide’ the animal life declines due to toxins and deficiency of oxygen inside water.
Question 5.
How are viroids different from viruses?
Solution:
Viroids different from viruses as follows :
S.N. Virus Viroids 1. These are smaller than bacteria. Smaller than viruses. 2. Both RNA and DNA present. The only RNA is present. 3. Protein coat present. Protein coat absent. 4. Causes diseases like mumps and AIDS. Causes plant diseases like spindle tuber diseases – potato.
Question 6.
Describe briefly the four major groups of Protozoa.
Solution:
Protozoans are divided into four phyla on the basis of locomotory organelles—Zooflagellata, Sarcodina, Sporozoa and Ciliates.
(i) Zooflagellates:
These protozoans possess one to several flagella for locomotion. Zooflagellates are generally uninucleate, occasionally
multinucleate. The body is covered by a firm pellicle. There is also a present cyst formation.
Examples:
- Giardia
- Trypanosoma
- Leishmania
- Trichonympha.
(ii) Sarcodines:
These protozoans possess pseudopodia for locomotion. Pseudopodia are of four types, i.e., lobopodia, filopodia, axopodia and reticulopodia. Pseudopodia are also used for engulfing food particles. Sarcodines are mostly free-living, found in freshwater, seawater and on damp soil only a few are parasitic. Nutrition is commonly holozoic. Sarcodines are generally uninucleated.
Sarcodines are of four types :
- Amoeboids (i.e.,Amoeba, etc.)
- radiolarians (i.e., Acanthometra, etc.)
- foraminiferans (i.e., Elphidium, etc.)
- heliozoans (i.e., Actinophrys, etc.).
(iii) Sporozoans:
All of them are endoparasites. Locomotoryorganelles (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia, etc.) are absent. Nutrition is parasitic (absorptive), Phogotrophy is rare. The body is covered with an elastic pellicle or cuticle. The nucleus is single. Contractile vacuoles are absent. The life cycle consists of two distinct asexual and sexual phases. They may be passed in one (monogenetic) or two different hosts (digenetic),e.g.,
- Plasmodium
- Monocytes.
(iv) Ciliates:
These are aquatic, actively moving organisms because of the presence of thousands of cilia. They have a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside of the cell surface. The coordinated movements of rows of cilia cause the water laden with food to enter into the gullet, e.g.,
- Paramecium.
Question 7.
Plants are autotrophic. Can you think of some plants that are partially heterotrophic?
Solution:
Plants are autotrophs, Le., they prepare their own food through the process of photosynthesis. But, in nature there are also some other plants that are partially heterotrophic, i.e., they partially depend upon another organism for food requirements, e.g.,
(i) Loranthus and Viscum are partial stem parasites that have leathery leaves. They attack several fruit and forest trees and with the help of their haustoria draw sap from the xylem tissue of the host.
(ii) Insectivorous plants have special leaves to trap insects. The trapped insects are killed and digested by proteolytic enzymes secreted by the epidermis of the leaves, e.g., pitcher plant.
(iii) Parasitic plant, e.g., Cuscuta develops haustoria, which penetrate, the vascular bundles of the host plant to absorb water and solutes.
Question 8.
What do the terms phycobiont and mycobiont signify?
Solution:
In the case of lichens (t. e., an association of algae and fungi), the algal partner which is capable of carrying out photosynthesis is known as phycobiont, whereas the fungal partner which is heterotrophic in nature is known as mycobiont.
Question 9.
Give a comparative account of the classes of Kingdom Fungi under the following :
Fungal Class Mode of Nutrition Mode of Reproduction Myxomycetes Heterotrophic and mostly saprophytic Asexual and reproduction sexual Phycomycetes Mostly parasites Asexual and methods sexual Zygomycetes Mostly saprophytic Asexual and reproduction sexual Ascomycetes Saprophytes or parasites Asexual and reproduction sexual Basidiomycetes Saprophytes or parasites Asexual and sexual method Deuteromycetes Saprophytes or parasites Only asexual reproduction
Question 10.
What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids?
Solution:
The characteristic features of euglenoids are as follows :
(i) They occur in freshwater habitats and damp soils.
(ii) A single long flagella present at the anterior end.
(iii) Creeping movements occur by expansion and expansion of their body known as euglenoid movements.
(iv) Mode of nutrition is holophytic, saprobic or holozoic.
(v) Reserve food material is paramylum.
(vi) Euglenoids are known as plant and animal.
Plant characters of them are as follows:
- Presence of chloroplasts with chlorophyll.
- Holophytic nutrition
Animal characters of them are as follows:
- Presence of a pellicle, which is made up of proteins and not cellulose.
- Presence of stigma.
- Presence of contractile vacuole.
- Presence of longitudinal binary fission.
(vii) Under favourable conditions euglenoids multiply by longitudinal binary fission, e.g., Euglena, Phacus, Paranema, etc.
Question 11.
Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and nature of genetic material. Also, name four common viral diseases.
Solution:
Viruses are non-cellular, ultramicroscopic, infectious particles. They are made up of envelope, capsid, nucleoid and occasionally one or two enzymes. Viruses possess an outer thin loose covering called an envelope. The central portion of nucleoid is surrounded by capsid that is made up of smaller subunits known as capsomeres. The nucleic acid present in the viruses is known as the nucleoid. It is the infective part of the virus which utilises the host cell machinery
The genetic material of viruses is of four types :
- Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) as found in pox virus, hepatitis-B virus and herpes virus, etc.
- Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) occur in coliphage φ, coliphage φ x 174.
- Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) occur in Reovirus
- Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) occur in TMV virus, poliovirus, etc.
Four common viral diseases are :
- Polio
- AIDS
- Hepatitis-B
- Rabies.
Question 12.
Organise a discussion in your class on the topic – Are viruses living or non-living?
Solution:
Viruses are intermediate between living and non-living objects. They resemble non-living objects in:
- Lacking protoplast.
- Ability to get crystallised.
- High specific gravity is found only in non-living objects.
- Absence of respiration and energy storing system.
- Absence of growth and division.
- Cannot live independent of a living cell.
They resemble living objects in:
- Presence of genetic material (DNA or RNA).
- Property of mutation.
- Irritability.
- Can grow and multiply inside the host cell.
Question 1.
Discuss how classification systems have undergone several changes over a period of time?
Solution:
(i) Linnaeus proposed a two-kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia kingdoms was developed that included all plants and animals respectively. But as this system did not distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes, unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and non-photosynthetic (fungi) organisms, so scientists found it an inadequate system of classification. Classification systems for living organisms have hence, undergone several changes over time.
(ii) The two-kingdom system of classification was replaced by a three kingdom system, then by four and finally by a five-kingdom system of classification of RH Whittaker (1969).
(iii) The five kingdoms included Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. This is the most accepted system of classification of living organisms.
(iv) But, Whittaker has not described viruses and lichens. Then Stanley described viruses, viroids, etc. Thus, over a period of time, classification systems have undergone several changes.
Question 2.
State two economically important uses of :
(a) Heterotrophic bacteria
(b) Archaebacteria
Solution:
(a) Heterotrophic Bacteria :
- Maintain soil fertility by nitrogen fixation, ammonification and nitrification, e.g., Rhizobium bacteria (in the root nodules of legumes).
- The milk products such as butter, cheese, curd, etc., are obtained by the action of bacteria. The milk contains bacterial forms like Streptococcus lacti, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus lactis and Clostridium sp., etc.
(b) Archaebacteria :
- Methanogens are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the dung of animals.
- Archaebacteria help in the degradation of waste materials.
Question 3.
What is the nature of cell walls in diatoms?
Solution:
In the case of diatoms, the cell wall forms two thin overlapping cells, which fit together as in a soapbox. The cell wall is made up of silica. Due to the siliceous nature of the cell wall, it is known as diatomite or diatomaceous earth. Diatomaceous Earth is a whitish, highly porous, chemically inert, highly absorbant and fireproof substance.
Question 4.
Find out what do the terms ‘algal bloom’ and ‘red tides’ signify?
Solution:
Sometimes, green algae such as Chlorella, Scenedesmus and Spirogyra, etc,, grow in excess in water bodies and impart green colour to the water. These are called algal blooms. Red dinoflagellates (Gonyaulax) grow in abundance in the sea and impart a red colour to the ocean. This looks like red tides. Both due to algal blooms and ‘red tide’ the animal life declines due to toxins and deficiency of oxygen inside water.
Question 5.
How are viroids different from viruses?
Solution:
Viroids different from viruses as follows :
| S.N. | Virus | Viroids |
| 1. | These are smaller than bacteria. | Smaller than viruses. |
| 2. | Both RNA and DNA present. | The only RNA is present. |
| 3. | Protein coat present. | Protein coat absent. |
| 4. | Causes diseases like mumps and AIDS. | Causes plant diseases like spindle tuber diseases – potato. |
Question 6.
Describe briefly the four major groups of Protozoa.
Solution:
Protozoans are divided into four phyla on the basis of locomotory organelles—Zooflagellata, Sarcodina, Sporozoa and Ciliates.
(i) Zooflagellates:
These protozoans possess one to several flagella for locomotion. Zooflagellates are generally uninucleate, occasionally
multinucleate. The body is covered by a firm pellicle. There is also a present cyst formation.
Examples:
- Giardia
- Trypanosoma
- Leishmania
- Trichonympha.
(ii) Sarcodines:
These protozoans possess pseudopodia for locomotion. Pseudopodia are of four types, i.e., lobopodia, filopodia, axopodia and reticulopodia. Pseudopodia are also used for engulfing food particles. Sarcodines are mostly free-living, found in freshwater, seawater and on damp soil only a few are parasitic. Nutrition is commonly holozoic. Sarcodines are generally uninucleated.
Sarcodines are of four types :
- Amoeboids (i.e.,Amoeba, etc.)
- radiolarians (i.e., Acanthometra, etc.)
- foraminiferans (i.e., Elphidium, etc.)
- heliozoans (i.e., Actinophrys, etc.).
(iii) Sporozoans:
All of them are endoparasites. Locomotoryorganelles (cilia, flagella, pseudopodia, etc.) are absent. Nutrition is parasitic (absorptive), Phogotrophy is rare. The body is covered with an elastic pellicle or cuticle. The nucleus is single. Contractile vacuoles are absent. The life cycle consists of two distinct asexual and sexual phases. They may be passed in one (monogenetic) or two different hosts (digenetic),e.g.,
- Plasmodium
- Monocytes.
(iv) Ciliates:
These are aquatic, actively moving organisms because of the presence of thousands of cilia. They have a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside of the cell surface. The coordinated movements of rows of cilia cause the water laden with food to enter into the gullet, e.g.,
- Paramecium.
Question 7.
Plants are autotrophic. Can you think of some plants that are partially heterotrophic?
Solution:
Plants are autotrophs, Le., they prepare their own food through the process of photosynthesis. But, in nature there are also some other plants that are partially heterotrophic, i.e., they partially depend upon another organism for food requirements, e.g.,
(i) Loranthus and Viscum are partial stem parasites that have leathery leaves. They attack several fruit and forest trees and with the help of their haustoria draw sap from the xylem tissue of the host.
(ii) Insectivorous plants have special leaves to trap insects. The trapped insects are killed and digested by proteolytic enzymes secreted by the epidermis of the leaves, e.g., pitcher plant.
(iii) Parasitic plant, e.g., Cuscuta develops haustoria, which penetrate, the vascular bundles of the host plant to absorb water and solutes.
Question 8.
What do the terms phycobiont and mycobiont signify?
Solution:
In the case of lichens (t. e., an association of algae and fungi), the algal partner which is capable of carrying out photosynthesis is known as phycobiont, whereas the fungal partner which is heterotrophic in nature is known as mycobiont.
Question 9.
Give a comparative account of the classes of Kingdom Fungi under the following :
| Fungal Class | Mode of Nutrition | Mode of Reproduction | |
| Myxomycetes | Heterotrophic and mostly saprophytic | Asexual and reproduction | sexual |
| Phycomycetes | Mostly parasites | Asexual and methods | sexual |
| Zygomycetes | Mostly saprophytic | Asexual and reproduction | sexual |
| Ascomycetes | Saprophytes or parasites | Asexual and reproduction | sexual |
| Basidiomycetes | Saprophytes or parasites | Asexual and sexual method | |
| Deuteromycetes | Saprophytes or parasites | Only asexual reproduction | |
Question 10.
What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids?
Solution:
The characteristic features of euglenoids are as follows :
(i) They occur in freshwater habitats and damp soils.
(ii) A single long flagella present at the anterior end.
(iii) Creeping movements occur by expansion and expansion of their body known as euglenoid movements.
(iv) Mode of nutrition is holophytic, saprobic or holozoic.
(v) Reserve food material is paramylum.
(vi) Euglenoids are known as plant and animal.
Plant characters of them are as follows:
- Presence of chloroplasts with chlorophyll.
- Holophytic nutrition
Animal characters of them are as follows:
- Presence of a pellicle, which is made up of proteins and not cellulose.
- Presence of stigma.
- Presence of contractile vacuole.
- Presence of longitudinal binary fission.
(vii) Under favourable conditions euglenoids multiply by longitudinal binary fission, e.g., Euglena, Phacus, Paranema, etc.
Question 11.
Give a brief account of viruses with respect to their structure and nature of genetic material. Also, name four common viral diseases.
Solution:
Viruses are non-cellular, ultramicroscopic, infectious particles. They are made up of envelope, capsid, nucleoid and occasionally one or two enzymes. Viruses possess an outer thin loose covering called an envelope. The central portion of nucleoid is surrounded by capsid that is made up of smaller subunits known as capsomeres. The nucleic acid present in the viruses is known as the nucleoid. It is the infective part of the virus which utilises the host cell machinery
The genetic material of viruses is of four types :
- Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) as found in pox virus, hepatitis-B virus and herpes virus, etc.
- Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) occur in coliphage φ, coliphage φ x 174.
- Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) occur in Reovirus
- Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) occur in TMV virus, poliovirus, etc.
Four common viral diseases are :
- Polio
- AIDS
- Hepatitis-B
- Rabies.
Question 12.
Organise a discussion in your class on the topic – Are viruses living or non-living?
Solution:
Viruses are intermediate between living and non-living objects. They resemble non-living objects in:
- Lacking protoplast.
- Ability to get crystallised.
- High specific gravity is found only in non-living objects.
- Absence of respiration and energy storing system.
- Absence of growth and division.
- Cannot live independent of a living cell.
They resemble living objects in:
- Presence of genetic material (DNA or RNA).
- Property of mutation.
- Irritability.
- Can grow and multiply inside the host cell.
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Chapter 1: Biological Classification Textbook Solution
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Plus One Botany Chapter Wise Textbook Solutions
- Chapter 1: Biological Classification
- Chapter 2: Plant Kingdom
- Chapter 3: Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Chapter 4: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Chapter 5: Cell The Unit of Life
- Chapter 6: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Chapter 7: Transport in Plants
- Chapter 8: Mineral Nutrition
- Chapter 9: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- Chapter 10: Respiration in Plants
- Chapter 11: Plant Growth and Development
- Chapter 1: Biological Classification
- Chapter 2: Plant Kingdom
- Chapter 3: Morphology of Flowering Plants
- Chapter 4: Anatomy of Flowering Plants
- Chapter 5: Cell The Unit of Life
- Chapter 6: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
- Chapter 7: Transport in Plants
- Chapter 8: Mineral Nutrition
- Chapter 9: Photosynthesis in Higher Plants
- Chapter 10: Respiration in Plants
- Chapter 11: Plant Growth and Development
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