| Board | SCERT, Kerala |
| Text Book | NCERT Based |
| Class | Plus Two |
| Subject | Botany Textbook Solution |
| Chapter | Chapter 1 |
| Chapter Name | Reproduction in Organisms |
| Category | Plus Two Kerala |
Kerala Syllabus Plus Two Botany Textbook Solution Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms
Plus Two Textbook Solutions
- Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
- Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Chapter 3: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Chapter 4 : Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Chapter 5: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Chapter 6: Organisms and Populations
- Chapter 7: Ecosystem
- Chapter 8: Environmental Issues
- Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
- Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Chapter 3: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production >
- Chapter 4 : Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Chapter 5: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Chapter 6: Organisms and Populations
- Chapter 7: Ecosystem
- Chapter 8: Environmental Issues
Plus Two Botany Notes
Plus Two Botany Textbook Solutions
Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms Textbook Solution
Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
Answer:
Reproduction is a fundamental feature of all living organisms. It is a biological process through which living organisms produce offspring (young ones) similar to them. Reproduction ensures the continuance of various species on Earth. In the absence of reproduction, the species will not be able to exist for a long time and may soon get extinct.
Question 2.
Which is a better mode of reproduction sexual or asexual? Why?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction is a better mode of reproduction. It allows the formation of new variants by the combination of the DNA from two different individuals, typically one of each sex. It involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete to produce variants, which are not identical to their parents and to themselves. This variation allows the individual to adapt constantly changing and challenging environment. Also, it leads to the evolution of better-suited organisms which ensures greater survival of a species. On the contrary, asexual reproduction allows very little or no variation at all. As a result, the individuals produced are exact copies of their parents and themselves.
Question 3.
Why is the offspring formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clones?
Answer:
A clone is a group of morphological and genetically identical individuals. In the process of asexual reproduction, only one parent is involved and there is no fusion of the male and the female gamete. As a result, the offsprings so produced are morphological and genetically similar to their parents and are thus, called clones.
Question 4.
Offspring formed due to sexual reproduction have better chances of survival. Why? Is this statement always true?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete. This fusion allows the formation of new variants by the combination of the DNA from two (usually) different members of the species. The variations allow the individuals to adapt under varied environmental conditions for better chances of survival.
However, it is not always necessary that the offspring produced due to sexual reproduction has better chances of survival. Under some circumstances, asexual reproduction is more advantageous for certain organisms. For example, some individuals do not move from one place to another and are well settled in their environment. Also, asexual reproduction is a fast and quick mode of reproduction that does not consume much time and energy as compared to sexual reproduction.
Question 5.
How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by sexual reproduction?
Answer:
Progeny formed from asexual reproduction | Progeny formed from sexual reproduction | |
1. | asexual reproduction does not involve the fusion of the male and the female gamete. Organisms undergoing this kind of reproduction produce offspring’s that are morphologically and genetically identical to them. | sexual reproduction involves the fusion of the male and the female gamete of two individuals, typically one of each s(e)x. Organisms undergoing this kind of reproduction produce offspring’s that are not identical to them. |
2. | Offsprings thus produced do not show variations and are called clones. | Offspring’s thus produced show variations from each other and their parents. |
Question 6.
Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why is vegetative reproduction also considered as a type of asexual reproduction?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction | Asexual reproduction | |
1 | It involves the fusion of the male and female gamete. | It does not involve the fusion of the male and the female gamete |
2. | It requires two (usually) different individuals. | It requires only one individual. |
3. | The individuals produced are not identical to their parents and show variations from each other and also, from their parents. | The individuals produced are identical to the parent and are hence, called clones. |
4. | Most animals reproduce sexually. Both sexual and asexual modes of reproduction are found in plants. | Asexual modes of reproduction are common in organisms having simple organizations such as algae and fungi. |
5. | It is a slow process. | It is a fast process. |
Vegetative reproduction is a process in which new plants are obtained without the production of seeds or spores. It involves the propagation of plants through certain vegetative parts such as the rhizome, sucker, tuber, bulb, etc. It does not involve the fusion of the male and the female gamete and requires only one parent. Hence, vegetative reproduction is considered as a type of asexual reproduction.
Question 7.
What is vegetative propagation? Give two suitable examples.
Answer:
Vegetative propagation is a mode of asexual reproduction in which new plants are obtained from the vegetative parts of plants. It does not involve the production of seeds or spores for the propagation of new plants. Vegetative parts of plants such as runners, rhizomes, suckers, tubers, etc. can be used as propagules for raising new plants.
Examples of vegetative reproduction are given below :
1. Eyes of potato: The surface of the potato has several buds called eyes. Each of these buds when buried in soil develops into a new plant, which is identical to the parent plant.
2. Leaf buds of Bryophyllum: The leaves of Bryophyllum plants bear several adventitious buds on their margins. These leaf buds have the ability to grow and develop into tiny plants when the leaves get detached from the plant and come in contact with moist soil.
Question 8.
Define:
- Juvenile phase,
- Reproductive phase,
- Senescent phase.
Answer:
- Juvenile Phase: All organisms have to reach a certain stage of growth and maturity in their life before they can reproduce sexually. This phase of growth is called the juvenile phase or vegetative phase in plants.
- Reproductive Phase: When the juvenile phase is over the organisms enter the period of reproductive phase or sexual maturity. It is indicated by showing various morphological and physiological changes such as the development of secondary sexual characters in animals and by flowering in plants. This is the actual period of the life span of any organism when it is capable of producing offspring. This phase is of variable duration in different organisms.
- Senescent Phase: This is the final and third stage of the growth cycle. It can be considered as the end of the reproductive phase. It is accompanied by a reduction in functional capacity and an increase in cellular breakdown and metabolic failures. It ultimately leads to death.
Question 9.
Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. Why?
Answer:
Although sexual reproduction involves more time and energy, higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction in spite of its complexity. This is because this mode of reproduction helps introduce new variations in progenies through the combination of the DNA from two (usually) different individuals. These variations allow the individual to cope with various environmental conditions and thus, make the organism better suited for the environment. Variations also lead to the evolution of better organisms and therefore, provide better chances of survival. On the other hand, asexual reproduction does not provide genetic differences in the individuals produced.
Question 10.
Explain why meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked?
Answer:
Meiosis is a process of reductional division in which the amount of genetic material is reduced. Gametogenesis is the process of the formation of gametes. Gametes produced by organisms are haploids (containing only one set of chromosomes), while the body of an organism is diploid. Therefore, for producing haploid gametes (gametogenesis), the germ cells of an organism undergo meiosis. During the process, the meiocytes of an organism undergo two successive nuclear and cell divisions with a single cycle of DNA replication to form the haploid gametes.
Question 11.
Identify each part in a flowering plant and write whether it is haploid (n) or diploid (2n).
- Ovary ……………………………….
- Anther ……………………………….
- Egg ……………………………….
- Pollen ……………………………….
- Male gamete ……………………………….
- Zygote ……………………………….
Answer:
- diploid (2n)
- diploid (2n)
- haploid (n)
- haploid (n)
- haploid (n)
- diploid (2n)
Question 12.
Define external fertilization. Mention its disadvantages.
Answer:
External fertilization is the process in which the fusion of the male and the female gamete takes place outside the female body in an external medium, generally water. Fish, frogs, starfish are some organisms that exhibit external fertilization.
Disadvantages of external fertilization In external fertilization, eggs have fewer chances of fertilization. This can lead to the wastage of a large number of eggs produced during the process. Further, there is an absence of proper parental care for the offspring, which results in a low rate of survival in the progenies.
Question 13.
Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
Answer:
Zoospore | Zygote | |
1. | A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that utilizes the flagella for movement. | A zygote is a non-motile diploid cell formed as a result of fertilization. |
2. | It is an asexual reproductive structure. | It is formed as a result of sexual reproduction. |
Question 14.
Differentiate between gametogenesis from embryogenesis.
Answer:
Gametogenesis | Embryogenesis |
It is the process of the formation of haploid male and female gametes from diploid meiocytes through the process of meiosis. | It is the process of the development of the embryo from the repeated mitotic divisions of the diploid zygote. |
Question 15.
Describe the post-fertilization changes in a flower.
Answer:
As a result of double fertilization in flowering plants, a zygote (2n) and the primary endosperm nucleus (3n) are produced. The calyx, corolla, stamens, and style wither away. The calyx may persist or even show growth in certain cases. The post-fertilization changes which take place are (i) Endosperm formation (ii) Embryo formation (iii) Seed formation and (iv) Fruit formation.
The primary endosperm nucleus becomes active and forms a nutritive vegetative tissue. The endosperm at the expense of food present in the nucellus, Endosperm may be completely used up by the developing embryo (non-endospermic seeds e.g., pea) or may persist in the seed (endospermic seed e.g., castor). The zygote waits for some time till the formation of the endosperm and then develops into an embryo, by withdrawing nutrition from the endosperm. Ultimately the ovules are transformed into seeds and the ovary becomes a fruit. The formation of fruit helps in the nourishment and protection of the developing seeds and later helps in seed dispersal. Under favourable conditions, the seeds germinate to form new plants.
Question 16.
What is a bisexual flower? Collect five bisexual flowers from your neighborhood and with the help of your teacher find out their common and scientific names.
Answer:
A flower that contains both the male and female reproductive structure (stamen and pistil) is called a bisexual flower.
Examples of plants bearing bisexual flowers are:
- Water lily (Nymphaea odorata)
- Rose (Rosa multiflora)
- Hibiscus (Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis)
- Mustard (Brassica nigra)
- Petunia (Petunia hybrida)
Question 17.
Examine a few flowers of any cucurbit plant and try to identify the staminate and pistillate flowers. Do you know any other plant that hears unisexual flowers?
Answer:
Cucurbit plant bears unisexual flowers as these flowers have either the stamen or the pistil. The staminate flowers bear bright, yellow-coloured petals along with stamens that represent the male reproductive structure. On the other hand, the pistillate flowers bear only the pistil that represents the female reproductive structure.
Other examples of plants that bear unisexual flowers are corn, papaya, cucumber, etc.
Question 18.
Why are offspring of oviparous animals at a greater risk as compared to offspring of viviparous animals?
Answer:
Oviparous animals lay eggs outside their body. As a result, the eggs of these animals are under continuous threat from various environmental factors. On the other hand, in viviparous animals, the development of the egg takes place inside the body of the female. Hence, the offspring of an egg-laying or oviparous animal is at greater risk as compared to the offspring of a viviparous animal, which gives birth to its young ones.
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Plus Two Botany Chapter Wise Textbook Solutions
- Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
- Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Chapter 3: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Chapter 4 : Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Chapter 5: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Chapter 6: Organisms and Populations
- Chapter 7: Ecosystem
- Chapter 8: Environmental Issues
- Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
- Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
- Chapter 3: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
- Chapter 4 : Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
- Chapter 5: General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements
- Chapter 6: Organisms and Populations
- Chapter 7: Ecosystem
- Chapter 8: Environmental Issues
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